Pacific Ocean、United Nations、Lake Superior、Black Forest、Kyoto University、Center for Advanced Study、National Institute of Health
请注意,前述专有名词都包含普通单词(也就是说,单词本身并非专有名词),但这些单词也必须大写。
专有名词还可能包含连字符号。关于这类名词,大写的规则有两种。第一种,如果连字符号所连接的是单词,则所连接的两个单词都应该大写(例如,Cedars-Sinai Medical Center、Three-Fifths Compromise)。第二种,如果连字符号所连接的其中一方本身不是单词,则连字符号后的第一个字母不应大写(例如,Institute for Non-invasive Surgery 、Society for Promotion of Eco-friendly Sustainable Development)。
(1a) The University of Tokyo was established in 1877.
(1b) I will be visiting your university in the fall.
(2a) The field of mathematics is very old.
(2b) The mathematics department in our university is quite large.
(2c) The Department of Mathematics is headed by a Fields Medal recipient.
(3a) Jacques Chirac was the President of France during the period 1995–2007.
(3b) Someday, I would like to be president.
(4a) Our galaxy has a diameter of approximately 100 kly.
(4b) We live in the Milky Way Galaxy.
1.3 生物学分类
(5a) Let us consider Eq. (3.2).
(5b) Let us consider the above equation.
(6a) The results are listed in Table 1.
(6b) The results are listed in the following table.
(7a) Each of these functions is plotted in Fig. 3.
(7b) Each of these functions is plotted in the figure.
(8a) In Section 4, we discuss the present political situation in Chile.
(8b) In the following section, we discuss the present political situation in Chile.
It is interesting to compare this with Eq. (4.5) of Ref. [4].
句子的开头
一般而言,句子的第一个字母要大写。因为这个缘故,无法大写的用语或符号(例如数学算式、数字、符号)不应该放在句子的开头。
在动物学命名系统中,物种的名称是以所谓的 binomen 形式表现 [属名 + 种名]; 在此,属名为该物种所属的“属”层级的名称,而种名则是指该物种。在此命名规则中,习惯上会将属名大写、种名不大写;即使将属名简写为只剩第一个字母时,这个规则仍然成立。(例如,Escherichia coli 变成 E. coli.)。此外,如果还要指出其亚种,则双名维持不变,然后加上未大写的亚种名称。例如,我们会将 Puma concolor cougar 缩写为 P. c. cougar。
首字母缩写简称
首字母缩写简称(通常 是取原始用语中各单词的第一个字母组成的简化用语)基本上都要大写。不论原有用语是专有名词(例如,APEC (Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation)、UN (United Nations),或者不是专有名词(例如,RG (renormalization group)、CD (compact disc),首字母缩写都必须大写;不过,仍有少数例外,例如 radar (radio detection and ranging)、laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation)。
句子嵌套
以下范例将说明句子嵌套的特殊结构。
The girl said, “You should not come here again.”
The most important question is Does this divergence represent actual physical behavior?
例 (10) 说明“直接引用”的典型用法;在此例中,You 是引用内容的第一个单词,因此这个单词必须大写。例 (11) 中的结构稍微罕见;在此例中,Does…behavior 是一句位于主句 The most…behavior 内部的完整句子,作为主语 question 的补语。在这种情况下,根据一般原则“句子的第一个单词要大写”,句中句的第一个单词也要大写。利用较为常见的句型结构,(11) 可以重写如下:
(11’) The most important question is the following: Does this divergence represent actual physical behavior?